تحلیل تطبیقی حقوقی تحریم‌های یک‌جانبه آمریکا علیه تجارت بین‌الملل نفت ایران و روسیه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) hassan.razavi@ut.ac.ir

2 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

10.48308/eclr.2026.243375.1254
چکیده
ایالات متحده آمریکا با هدف به صفر رساندن صادرات نفت ایران و کاهش درآمدهای نفتی روسیه، تحریم‌های اقتصادی اولیه و ثانویه‌ای علیه تجارت بین‌المللی نفت این دو کشور وضع کرده است. نوشتار حاضر، با رویکرد تطبیقی و روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، نظام حقوقی تحریم‌های آمریکا علیه فروش نفت ایران و روسیه را بررسی می‌کند تا وجوه اشتراک و افتراق این تحریم‌ها در چارچوب حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل شناسایی شود. پرسش اصلی مقاله آن است که آیا تحریم‌های یک‌جانبه آمریکا اثر یکسانی بر تجارت بین‌المللی نفت ایران و روسیه دارند. تحلیل نهایی نشان می‌دهد که ماهیت، هدف و چارچوب قانونی تحریم‌ها متفاوت است. درحالیکه تحریم‌های ایران با هدف حذف کامل درآمدهای صادرات نفت طراحی شده و خرید نفت ایران توسط اشخاص حقیقی و حقوقی آمریکایی بهصورت مطلق ممنوع است و تحریم‌های ثانویه با ماهیت فراسرزمینی بر دامنه و شدت اثر تحریم‌ها می‌افزاید، تحریم‌های روسیه بیشتر بر پروژه‌های بلندمدت و پرریسک متمرکز بوده و امکان خرید نفت روسیه با اعمال محدودیت‌هایی مانند سقف قیمت وجود دارد. این تفاوت‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اثر تحریم‌های یک‌جانبه بر دو کشور یکسان نیست و همواره با تعارضات قابل توجهی با اصول بنیادین حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل، ازجمله اصل عدم تبعیض، دولت کامله‌الوداد و ممنوعیت محدودیت‌های کمی همراه است

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله English

A Comparative Legal Analysis of Unilateral U.S. Sanctions on the International Oil Trade of Iran and Russia

نویسندگان English

Seyed Mohamad Hassan Razavi 1
Niloofar Heydarirochi 2
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

With the objective of reducing Iran’s oil exports to zero and diminishing Russia’s oil revenues, the United States has imposed extensive primary and secondary economic sanctions on the international oil trade of both countries. Adopting a comparative approach and employing a descriptive–analytical method, this article examines the legal regime governing U.S. sanctions on the sale of Iranian and Russian oil in order to identify their similarities and differences within the framework of international trade law. The main research question addresses whether unilateral U.S. sanctions produce identical effects on the international oil trade of Iran and Russia. The final analysis demonstrates that the nature, objectives, and legal frameworks of these sanctions differ significantly. While sanctions against Iran are designed to entirely eliminate oil export revenues—resulting in an absolute prohibition on the purchase of Iranian oil by U.S. natural and legal persons—and while secondary sanctions with extraterritorial character substantially expand the scope and severity of their impact, sanctions against Russia are primarily focused on long-term and high-risk projects. Moreover, the purchase of Russian oil remains permissible under certain restrictions, such as the imposition of a price cap mechanism. These differences indicate that unilateral sanctions do not exert uniform effects on the two countries and are consistently accompanied by substantial conflicts with fundamental principles of international trade law, including the principles of non-discrimination, most-favored-nation treatment, and the prohibition of quantitative restrictions.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

U.S. sanctions
Unilateral sanctions
Oil trade
Iranian oil
Russian oil

الف) منابع فارسی

کتاب‌

1.  رضوی، سید محمد حسن، حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل پیشرفته، چ. 1، تهران: نشر میزان، 1401.

ب) مقاله

2. پیری، مهدی و رضا سهرابی، «تحریمهای فراسرزمینی ایالات متحده در ارتباط با ایران و سازگاری آن با قواعد سازمان جهانی تجارت»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، د. 50 ، ش. 4، 1399، صص. 1545-1565. DOI: 10.22059/jplsq.2020.291517.2208
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 DOI: 10.22059/jrels.2018.260633.213..
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