پژوهش های حقوق اقتصادی و تجاری

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امکان سنجی جریان خیار در تجارت معاطاتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس‌ارشد، دانشکده الهیات و علوم اسلامی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)

2 دانشیار، دانشکده الهیات و علوم اسلامی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

یکی از مسائل فرعی مطرح در باب معاطات، امکان یا عدم امکان جریان خیارات در آن است. در صورتی‌که قصد متعاطیان از معاطات، مجرد اباحه تصرف باشد، در این صورت از نظر بیشتر اندیشمندان، معاطات اصلاً بیع نیست تا محل جریان خیارات باشد. اما در فرضی که قصد متعاطیان، تملیک و تملک و معامله بوده، ولی در خارج تنها مفید اباحه تصرف باشد، مطابق یک دیدگاه، جریان خیارات به‌نحو مطلق ممنوع است و طبق نظر دیگر، باید قائل قائل به‌تفصیل شد؛ بدین نحو که اگر مقصود از جعل خیار، مترتب ساختن اثر فعلی بر عقد باشد، خیار در اینجا جریان پیدا نمی‌کند، ولی اگر هدف، تمکن صاحب خیار در الغاکردن چیزی باشد که مؤثر در نقل و انتقال است، خیار قابل جریان است. مبنای دیگر اینکه قصد متعاطیان تملیک است و عرفاً و شرعاً نیز معاطات همچون بیع قولی، مفید ملک لازم قلمداد گردد که در این صورت، جریان خیار در معاطات پذیرفته شده گرچه، درخصوص خیار شرط، اقوال مختلفی ارائه گردیده‌است. به‌لحاظ حقوقی باید گفت که از اطلاق ماده 339 ق.م به‌ضمیمه اطلاق ماده 456 ق.م و همچنین با تمسک به ظاهر ماده 193 ق.م نیز می‌توان قبول همین نظریه، یعنی جریان همه خیارات حتی خیار شرط را در معاطات، از دیدگاه قانون‌گذار ایران استظهار کرد. بر مبنای نظریه مفید ملک جایز و متزلزل بودن معاطات، سه قول: جریان، عدم جریان و تفصیل بین انواع خیارات اظهار شده‌است. تحقیق مطلب این است که مطابق همه مبانی مذکور، جریان همه خیارات، حتی خیار شرط، در معاطات امکان‌پذیر است و در معاطات ایقاعی هم به استثنای برخی از ایقاعات، مثل طلاق که خروج تعبدی دارد، جریان خیارات منعی ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining the Possibility of Exercising the Right of Option in Transaction by Conduct

نویسندگان [English]

  • Israfil Farzaneh 1
  • ahmad mortazi 2

1 L.L.M., Faculty of Theology & Islamic Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: d.m.a.fiqh@gmail.com

2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Theology & Islamic Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

One of the minor issues raised regarding transaction by conduct is the possibility of exercising the right of option therein. If the intention of the parties to the transaction by conduct is simply to allow possession, then, according to most jurists, the transaction is not a sale at all and consequently, it is not possible to exercise options thereto. On the other hand, if their intention is owning, possession, and transaction, but the only benefit is the permission to possess; according to one opinion, exercising the right of option is absolutely prohibited, and according to another, a distinction must be made: In this way, if the purpose of including the right of withdrawal is to create an actual effect on the contract, the option will not be valid here, but if the purpose is to enable the option holder to cancel something that is effective in the transfer, the option is valid. Another viewpoint is that if the transactors' intention is ownership transfer and, according to custom and law, transactions such as a verbal sale are considered effective to irrevocable ownership, in this case, the option is accepted, although different opinions have been presented regarding the option of condition. From a legal perspective, it should be stated that from the totality of Article 339 of the Civil Code together with the totality of Article 456 of the Civil Code, likewise, by invoking the appearance of Article 193 of the Civil Code, it is possible to accept the same theory, namely the exercising of all options, even option of condition, in transactions by conduct, from the perspective of the Iranian legislator. Based on the theory that transactions by conduct, give rise to volatile (cancellable) ownership, three propositions have been stated: exercising, non-exercising, and distinction between types of options. This research has proven that, according to all the aforementioned principles, the exercising of all options, even the option of condition, is possible in transaction by conduct, and in unilateral transaction by conduct, with the exception of some unilateral, such as divorce, which involves an obligatory exit, the exercising of options is not prohibited

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • transaction by conduct
  • options in transaction by conduct
  • Unilateral transaction by conduct
  • allowing possession
  • verbal sale
مراجع

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    Articles

    1. Mohammadi, Sam; Abdul Karimi, Hiwa, "Critical Analysis of Rights of Resecission in Unilateral Acts", Journal of Private Law Research, No. 17, winter. 2016, pp. 159-180. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2017.7129
پژوهش های حقوق اقتصادی و تجاری
دوره 3، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 12
اسفند 1404
صفحه 93-122
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