لکس مرکاتوریا: نظام حقوقی بازار محور

عبداللهی, محمد جواد; کریمی, محمد; عرب احمدی, مجیدرضا

doi:10.48308/eclr.2025.238413.1126

لکس مرکاتوریا: نظام حقوقی بازار محور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

محمد جواد عبداللهی ¹ ^¶

محمد کریمی ²

مجیدرضا عرب احمدی ³

¹ استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و اقتصاد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد خمینی‌شهر، خمینی شهر، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) dr.abdollahi@iau.ac.ir

² دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد نجف‌آباد، نجف آباد، ایران.

³ استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد فراهان، فراهان، ایران.

https://doi.org/10.48308/eclr.2025.238413.1126

چکیده

جوامع تخصصی در عرصه‌های مختلف حقوقی و به ویژه حقوق بازرگانان، از قدیم الایام فراتر از قدرت ساخت قانون توسط ‌‌قانون‌گذاری‌های ملی، گرایش به سمت ایجاد قواعد حقوقی داشته‌‌اند. این ویژگی خودتنظیم ناشی از قدرت ذاتی بازارهای بین المللی است که نشان داده توانایی خلق قانون بدون دخالت یک قوه ‌‌قانون‌گذاری دولتی دارد. در این راستا لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یک نظام حقوقی فرادولتی، تحت تأثیر وضعیت بازارهای بین المللی، ایجاد و تکامل یافته و از این جهت از یک طرف می‌توان از لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یک رژیم حقوقی«بازار محور» یاد کرد و از طرف دیگر لکس مرکاتوریا در عمل قابلیت لازم برای انطباق با شرایط سیال و در حال تکامل بازارهای بین المللی را دارد. نویسندگان در پاسخ به این سؤال اساسی پژوهش که بازارهای بین المللی و لکس مرکاتوریا به طور متقابل چه تأثیری در ایجاد و تکامل لکس مرکاتوریا و برآورده کردن الزامات بازارهای بین المللی داشته اند، با روش کتابخانه ای و با ابزار فیش برداری ضمن بررسی سیر تاریخی پیدایش لکس مرکاتوریا و تحلیل نقش مؤثر و قدرت سازنده بازارهای بین المللی در ایجاد شرایط اقتصادی لازم برای توسعه لکس مرکاتوریا، مناسب بودن لکس مرکاتوریا برای شرایط فراملی بازارهای بین المللی را تحلیل نموده اند. مطالب ارائه شده نشان می‌دهد لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یکی از مصادیق حقوق نرم؛ توانسته بر مبنای شرایط ویژه بازارهای بین المللی، در شاخه های تخصصی و معمولا پیرامون یک صنعت خاص رشد و تکامل یابد و به طور متقابل پاسخگوی شرایط ویژه بازارهای بین المللی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

لکس مرکاتوریا

بازرگانان

نظام های حقوقی ملی

بازارهای بین المللی

حقوق تجارت بین الملل

عنوان مقاله English

Lex Mercatoria: Market-Oriented Legal System

نویسندگان English

MOHAMMAD JAVAD ABDOLLAHI ¹

MOHAMMAD Karimi ²

Majid Reza Arab Ahmadi ³

¹ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law & Economics, Islamic Azad University: Khomeinishahr Branch, Khomeinishahr, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: dr.abdollahi@iau.ac.ir

² Ph.d Candidate, Faculty of Law, Theology & Political Science, Islamic Azad University: Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of law, Islamic Azad University: Farahan Branch, Farahan, Iran.

چکیده English

Specialized communities in various fields of law, particularly those concerned with the rights of merchants, have long demonstrated a tendency to create legal rules that extend beyond the legislative authority of national legislators. This phenomenon arises from the inherent power of international markets, which, in practice, have proven ability of generating legal norms without state legislature's intervention. In this context, "Lex Mercatoria"—as a transgovernmental legal system—has emerged and evolved under the influence of international markets. As such, Lex Mercatoria can be characterized as a "market-oriented" legal system. At the same time, it has the required practical ability for adapt to the fluid and evolving conditions of international markets. Addressing the central research question of how international markets and Lex Mercatoria have mutually influenced each other—both in the creation and evolution of Lex Mercatoria and in meeting the demands of international markets—this study employs a library-based research methodology supplemented by note-taking in research. By examining the historical development of Lex Mercatoria and analyzing the pivotal role of international markets in creating the economic conditions necessary for its growth, the authors assess the suitability of Lex Mercatoria for the transnational nature of international markets. The findings indicate that Lex Mercatoria, as an example of soft law, has successfully developed and adapted to the unique conditions of international markets. Lex Mercatoria, as one of the examples of soft law, has grown and evolved based on the special conditions of international markets, developing in specialized branches—normally around a particular industry—and, in turn, has to respond to the distinctive conditions of international markets.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Lex Mercatoria

Merchants

National Legal Systems

International Markets

International Trade Law

کتاب
1. شیروی، عبدالحسین، داوری تجاری بین‌المللی، چ. 6، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت)، 1395.
مقاله
1. جنیدی، لعیا، «نظریه حقوق فراملی بازرگانی»، فصلنامه حقوق: مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، ش. 1، 1390، صص. 148-127.
https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25885618.1390.41.1.8.6
1. ساردوئی نسب، محمد و عمران عبدی، «لکس پترولیا؛ نظام حقوقی مستقل و فراملی یا منبع فرعی و تکمیلی در صنعت نفت و گاز»، مطالعات حقوق انرژی، د. 8، ش. 2، 1401، صص. 353-333.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jrels.2023.358648.529
1. عرب احمدی، مجیدرضا و محمد کریمی، «تحلیلی بر نظریه استقلال در داوری تجاریِ بین‌المللی»، مجله حقوق خصوصی، ش.44، 1402، صص. 219-187.
https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2023.73545.2742
1. کریمی، محمد و مجیدرضا عرب احمدی، «بررسی چگونگی رفع مشکلات مربوط به اعمال تعارض قوانین در تجارت خارجی از طریق اعمال لکس مرکاتوریا»، دانش حقوق مدنی، د.11، 1401، صص. 40-25.
https://doi.org/10.30473/clk.2022.65192.3107
1. کریمی، محمد، جواد کاشانی، محسن محبی و داوود نصیران نجف‌آبادی، «داوری تجاری بین‌المللی بر مبنای انصاف، میانجیگری دوستانه و حقوق بازرگانی فراملی»، پژوهش‌های روابط بین‌الملل، ش.2، 1398، صص. 238-215.
https://doi.org/10.22034/irr.2019.103895
1. کریمی، محمد، جواد کاشانی، محسن محبی و داوود نصیران نجف‌آبادی، «لکس مرکاتوریا قانونی کارآمد برای بازرگانان»، پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، ش. 103، 1401، صص. 263-233.
https://doi.org/10.22034/ijts.2021.246915
1. محمودی کردی، زهرا، مهدی زاهدی و عاطفه قدیری‌نژاد، «از لکس مرکاتوریا تا حقوق تجارت فراملی در معنای مقتضی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، د. 8، ش.13، 1399، صص. 85-65.
https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2019.36593.2024

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