نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران.

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

امروزه به دلیل اهمیت و ارزش بسیار بالای نفت خام در تجارت و حمل و نقل بین المللی، صاحبان و خریداران محموله های نفتی، همواره به دنبال دستیابی به بهترین و کارآمدترین پوشش بیمه ای، برای محموله های نفتی خود می باشند، به خصوص در سال های اخیر، که افزایش قیمت نفت خام، به نحو چشمگیری، باعث بیشتر شدن خطرات و ریسک های حمل و نقل دریایی نفت خام شده است.



در این مقاله، ابتدا به شروط عمومی مندرج در بیمه نامه دریایی لویدز، به عنوان یکی از شروط نمونه مهم در بیمه محمولات نفتی پرداخته شده است، با این هدف که مبنای شرط تضمین کمیت و کارکاردهای اصلی این شرط نمونه، به کامل ترین شکل ممکن بیان گردد. به علاوه، ناکارآمدی های قرارداد فروش محمولات نفتی در نبود شرط تضمین کمیت مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است تا از این رهگذر، متصدیان حمل و صاحبان محمولات نفت خام، بتوانند با بهره گیری از این شرط نمونه، بر مخاطرات موجود در حمل محمولات غلبه کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Analysis of the Impact of the Guaranteed Outturn Clause on the Marine Insurance Policies of Oil Cargos

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohamadhasan Razavi 1
  • Mohammad Faraji 2

1

2 L.L.M Student, Faculty of Law & Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. mohamad.faraji@ut.ac.ir

چکیده [English]

Nowadays, due to increasing importance of international trade and transportation of crude oil, sellers and purchasers of crude oil are constantly looking for the best and most efficient insurance coverages for their oil cargoes, which they sell and purchase. This has become significantly important especially in recent decades, due to considerable increase in oil price which has subsequently increased extensively the risks of transportation of crude oil.



This article studies the general clauses of Lloyd’s marine policy, as one of the most important examples of model contract and clauses on oil cargo insurance. It then focuses on exploring the guaranteed outturn clause and the difficulties which may arise if the sale and purchase contracts keep silent on the quality determination issue. This paper can assist the owners and carries of crude oil to have a better understanding of their risks and to use the best and most efficient options available to cover and control the risks of their commercial voyage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Guaranteed Outturn Clause
  • Institute Bulk Oil Clauses All Risks
  • Lloyd’s Marine Policy
  • Crude Oil
  • Insurance policy
  1.  

    1. ابوعطا، محمد، نقش بیمه دریایی در جبران خسارات ناشی از تصادم کشتیها، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 0، 1385، شماره 72، صص 37-1.
    2. نوری یوشانلویی، جعفر و عبدالحسین ایرانی فتح آباد، الزامات داخلی و بین المللی حمل و نقل دریایی مواد هیدروکربوری، مجله مطالعات حقوق انرژی، دوره 5، 1398، شماره 1، صص 249-223.
    3. نوری یوشانلویی، جعفر و سمیرا سادات حسینی، تحلیل حقوقی قابلیت دریانوردی در قراردادهای حمل و نقل دریایی کالا (بارنامه و چارترپارتی)، مجله مطالعات حقوقی، دوره 15، 1402، شماره 2، صص. 36-1.
    4. یحیائی، محمد، مروری بر انواع و شرایط بیمه‌‌های دریایی، کنفرانس بین‌المللی و ملی مطالعات مدیریت، حسابداری و حقوق، دوره 4، 1400، صص 787-777.

     

     

    References

    Books

    1. Rawson, K, The Carriage of Bulk Oil and Chemicals at Sea, London, Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1994.

    Articles

    1. Abooata, M. “The Role of Marine Insurance in Compensating Damages Caused by Ship Collisions”, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 0, Vol. 72, 2006, pp 1-37. (in Persian)
    2. Longaker, K. D, “Maritime Law - Custom - Carriage of Goods by Sea Act Precludes Enforcement of Oil Shipping Industry's 0.5% Customary Trade Allowance”, Villanova Law Review, No. 3, Vol. 31, 1986, pp 1221-1244.
    3. Mankabady, S, “The New Lloyd's Policy and Cargo Clauses”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, No. 4, Vol. 13, 1982, pp 527-536.
    4. Nouri Youshanlouie, J & Abdolhossein Irani Fathabad, “National and International Requirements for Maritime Transportation of Hydrocarbons”, Journal of Energy Law Studies, No. 1, Vol. 5, 2019, pp 223-249. (in Persian)
    5. Nouri Youshanlouie, J & Samira Sadat Hosseini, “Legal Assessment of Seaworthiness Commitment in Contracts of Carriage (Bill of Lading and Charterparty)”, Journal of Legal Studies, No. 2, Vol. 15, 2023, pp 1-36. (in Persian)
    6. Staples, C. L, “The 0.5% Trade Allowance: The Third Circuit Holds the Custom Unenforceable under COGSA”, Maritime Lawyer, No. 2, Vol. 10, 1985, pp 183-202.
    7. Textor, J. M, “Oil Shortages Caused by the Inherent Properties of Petroleum Cargoes”. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, No. 3, Vol. 13, 1982, pp 281-294.
    8. Yahyaii, M, “An Overview of Marine Insurance Types and Conditions”, International and National Conference on Management Studies, Accounting & Law, No. 4, 2021, pp 777-787. (in Persian)

    Dissertations

    1. Masha, M. M, “Marine and Onshore Oil Insurance”, Master’s Dissertation, World Maritime University, 1990.

    Reports

    1. Cioarec, V, The Documentary Evidence Taken in Consideration by The Courts in Quantity Disputes Related to Crude Oil Cargoes, Available At: https://www.commoditylaw.eu/articalDetails.php?idArticolText=109, (Last Visit 3/21/2024).
    2. Dolphin Maritime, Bulk Cargoes – Protection Against ‘Paper Losses’, Available At: https://www.dolphin-maritime.com/? Publications /2008/12/11/2---‌ bulk-cargoes---protection-against-paper-losses.html, (Last Visit 9/16/2024)
    3. Enercon Group INC., Cargo Measurement and Calculation, Available At: https://www.enercongroup.com/definitionsmeasurement.html, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    4. Energy Institute Publications, HM 49/API MPMS Chapter 17.9 Vessel experience factor (VEF), Available At:

    https://publishing.energyinst.org/topics/hydrocarbon-management/ marine-measurement-and-cargo-assurance/hm-49-api-mpms-chapter-17.9-vessel-experience-factor-vef, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).

    1. Greenwoods Ltd., Bulk Oil Clauses Analysis, Available At:

    https://greenwoods.org/bulk-oil-clauses-analysis, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).

    1. Nicola, H, Understanding the Importance of Implementing a Marine Oil Cargo Loss Control System to Protect the Crude and Products You Trade, The Becht Blog, Available At: https://becht.com/becht-blog/ entry/ understanding-the-importance-of-implementing-a-marine-oil-cargo-loss-control-system-to-protect-the-crude-and-products-you-trade/, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    2. UKP&I, STS Cargo Transfers & VEF, Available At:

    https://www.ukpandi.com/news-and-resources/articles/2015/sts-cargo-transfers-vef, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).

    1. Wankhede, A, Understanding Crude Oil Washing Operation on Oil Tanker Ships, Available At:

    https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/understanding-crude-oil-washing-operation-on-oil-tanker-ships, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).

    Documents

    1. Hall, P. D, Tanker Cargo Shortage and Contamination Claims, London P&I Club – LP Focus Publications, Available At: https://www.londonpandi.com/media/2179/5608lpreviewissue3february2016f.pdf, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    2. IUA of London, Institute Cargo Clause B CL383, Available At: https://www.iua.co.uk/IUA_Member/Clauses/eLibrary/Clauses_Summary.aspx?DocumentKey=CC7188AB-52C2-4448-BB22-3A627874BE36&TemplateType=E&DialogCacheParam=0.10722585768441095&IsPopup=true, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    3. IUA of London, Institute Bulk Oil Clauses CL391, Available At: https://www.iua.co.uk/IUA_Member/Clauses/eLibrary/Clauses_Summary.aspx?DocumentKey=74BBADF3-AD4B-4D9A-B5A8-8EC7FB6645D0&TemplateType=E&DialogCacheParam=0.24900395717455837&IsPopup=true, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    4. IUA of London, Institute Bulk Oil Clauses All Risks + GOT CL433, Available At:

    https://www.iua.co.uk/IUA_Member/Clauses/eLibrary/Clauses_Summary.aspx?DocumentKey=3FBFF97B-23A2-4351-B23B-0A6DF08DF8B1&TemplateType=E&DialogCacheParam=0.21634900849994265&IsPopup=true, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).

    1. IUA of London, Institute Bulk Oil Clauses All Risks CL434, Available at: https://www.iua.co.uk/IUA_Member/Clauses/eLibrary/Clauses_Summary.aspx?DocumentKey=80C5F583-5E8B-4692-8925-AEEEB254827B&TemplateType=E&DialogCacheParam=0.6096947885979376&IsPopup=true, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).
    2. Lloyd’s of London, Cargo Claims and Recoveries, Available At: https://assets.lloyds.com/media/b9ed5b23-6f71-48d4-87d7-e218a0e69c1e/pdf-how-we-train-and-examine-lloyds-agents-2019-Sept-Cargo-Claims-and-Recoveries-Manual.pdf, (Last Visit 9/16/2024).