نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) m_hazeghiaghdam@sbu.ac.ir
چکیده
تمایل به ایجاد فرصتهای نوین، توجهات به استفاده از فناوری بلاکچین در تجارت بینالملل را افزایش داده است. این فناوری، تأثیری تعیینکننده بر توسعه اسناد حمل الکترونیکی خاصه بارنامه بر جای نهادهاست، اما ازآنجاکه مهمترین کارویژه بارنامه، سند مالکیت بودن آن است، تردیدها درخصوص امکان تحقق این کارویژه در صورت استفاده از بارنامه بلاکچین میان ذینفعان این سند حیاتی، وجود دارد. آثار ویژه ناشی از تصرف بارنامه کاغذی ازجمله امکان تخصیص حقوق ناشی از بارنامه به شخص واحد در هر زمان، تحقق این کارویژه در بارنامه الکترونیکی ازجمله بارنامه بلاکچین را دشوار میسازد. برای رفع این نقیصه، الزامات خاصی در اسناد و قوانین بینالمللی و داخلی وضعشدهاند که بارنامه الکترونیکی ازجمله بارنامه بلاکچین در صورت متابعت از آنها، متمتع از کارویژه مزبور خواهد بود. لذا، در این مقاله به شیوه توصیفی، تحلیلی و تطبیقی، ضمن بررسی کارکرد بارنامه دریایی بهعنوان سند مالکیت، سازوکار بارنامه بلاکچین و متابعت آن با الزامات مقرر در این خصوص بررسی شدهاست. حسب یافته این مقاله، بارنامه بلاکچین، در متابعت با الزامات مقرر در مقررات مزبور بوده و متمتع از کارویژه سند مالکیت بودن است. اما در نظام حقوقی ایران، باتوجهبه فقدان الزامات قانونی مقتضی، وضع حقوقی این نوع بارنامه و کارویژه خاص آن مشخص نبوده و ضروری است برای امکان استفاده از این شق از بارنامه، الزامات خاصی بهصورت جامع نسبت به معادل الکترونیکی اسناد کاغذی که تصرف بر آنها متضمن آثار و حقوق ویژهای است یا بهطور خاص نسبت به بارنامه الکترونیکی، وضع گردد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Feasibility of Fulfilling the Function of a Document of Title in Blockchain Bills of Lading
نویسندگان [English]
- Mostafa Elsan 1
- Mohammadreza Hazeghi Aghdam 2
1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran,
2 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran . Corresponding Author Email: m_hazeghiaghdam@sbu.ac.ir
چکیده [English]
The growing pursuit of innovation has drawn significant attention to the use of blockchain technology in international trade. Blockchain has had a profound impact on the development of electronic transport documents, particularly the bill of lading. Yet, as the bill of lading’s principal function is to operate as a document of title, doubts remain among stakeholders as to whether a blockchain bill of lading can effectively discharge this role. The distinctive legal effects of possessing a paper bill of lading—most notably the capacity to allocate rights embodied in it to a single holder at any time—render the realization of this function in electronic bills, including blockchain-based versions, highly complex. To remedy this, international instruments and domestic laws have set forth specific requirements. An electronic bill of lading, including one based on blockchain, may serve as a document of title if it complies with such requirements. This article, through a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, examines the title function of bills of lading, the mechanisms of blockchain bills, and whether they conform to established requirements.. The findings demonstrate that, where such conformity exists, blockchain bills of lading may indeed operate as documents of title. However, under Iranian law, in the absence of a proper statutory framework, the legal status of these instruments and their particular function remain indeterminate. Thus, comprehensive legislation—either addressing electronic equivalents of paper documents whose possession carries special legal effects or specifically regulating electronic bills of lading—is essential for their effective implementation.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Electronic Bill of Lading
- Blockchain Bill of Lading
- Distributed Ledger
- Document of Title
- Specific Legal Requirements
الف) منابع فارسی
مقاله
- نوری یوشانلویی، جعفر و زهره تیموری، «تحلیل حقوقی اعتبار بارنامههای مبتنیبر فناوری زنجیره بلوکی در تجارت نفت»، مطالعات حقوق انرژی، د. 8، ش.2، 1401، صص. 479-498.
- السان، مصطفی و محمدرضا حاذقی اقدم، «مطالعه تطبیقی الزامات حقوقی اسناد تجاری الکترونیک در پرتو کد متحد تجارت آمریکا، قانون نمونه آنسیترال راجع به سوابق الکترونیک قابلانتقال و قانون اسناد تجاری الکترونیک انگلستان: با تأکید بر اسناد حمل دریایی»، پژوهشهای حقوق تطبیقی، د. 28، ش.1، 1403، صص. ۵۸-۸۶.
- عرب احمدی، مجید رضا، مصطفی السان و ابراهیم نوشادی، «بررسی تطبیقی کارکرد بارنامه بهعنوان سند مالکیت»، دو فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی دانش حقوق مدنی. د.20، ش. 96. 1398، صص. 31-41.
References
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