نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و اقتصاد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد خمینی‌شهر، خمینی شهر، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) dr.abdollahi@iau.ac.ir

2 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد نجف‌آباد، نجف آباد، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی: واحد فراهان، فراهان، ایران.

چکیده

جوامع تخصصی در عرصه‌های مختلف حقوقی و به ویژه حقوق بازرگانان، از قدیم الایام فراتر از قدرت ساخت قانون توسط ‌‌قانون‌گذاری‌های ملی، گرایش به سمت ایجاد قواعد حقوقی داشته‌‌اند. این ویژگی خودتنظیم ناشی از قدرت ذاتی بازارهای بین المللی است که نشان داده توانایی خلق قانون بدون دخالت یک قوه ‌‌قانون‌گذاری دولتی دارد. در این راستا لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یک نظام حقوقی فرادولتی، تحت تأثیر وضعیت بازارهای بین المللی، ایجاد و تکامل یافته و از این جهت از یک طرف می‌توان از لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یک رژیم حقوقی«بازار محور» یاد کرد و از طرف دیگر لکس مرکاتوریا در عمل قابلیت لازم برای انطباق با شرایط سیال و در حال تکامل بازارهای بین المللی را دارد. نویسندگان در پاسخ به این سؤال اساسی پژوهش که بازارهای بین المللی و لکس مرکاتوریا به طور متقابل چه تأثیری در ایجاد و تکامل لکس مرکاتوریا و برآورده کردن الزامات بازارهای بین المللی داشته اند، با روش کتابخانه ای و با ابزار فیش برداری ضمن بررسی سیر تاریخی پیدایش لکس مرکاتوریا و تحلیل نقش مؤثر و قدرت سازنده بازارهای بین المللی در ایجاد شرایط اقتصادی لازم برای توسعه لکس مرکاتوریا، مناسب بودن لکس مرکاتوریا برای شرایط فراملی بازارهای بین المللی را تحلیل نموده اند. مطالب ارائه شده نشان می‌دهد لکس مرکاتوریا به عنوان یکی از مصادیق حقوق نرم؛ توانسته بر مبنای شرایط ویژه بازارهای بین المللی، در شاخه های تخصصی و معمولا پیرامون یک صنعت خاص رشد و تکامل یابد و به طور متقابل پاسخگوی شرایط ویژه بازارهای بین المللی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Lex Mercatoria: Market-Oriented Legal System

نویسندگان [English]

  • MOHAMMAD JAVAD ABDOLLAHI 1
  • MOHAMMAD Karimi 2
  • Majid Reza Arab Ahmadi 3

1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law & Economics, Islamic Azad University: Khomeinishahr Branch, Khomeinishahr, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: dr.abdollahi@iau.ac.ir

2 Ph.d Candidate, Faculty of Law, Theology & Political Science, Islamic Azad University: Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of law, Islamic Azad University: Farahan Branch, Farahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Specialized communities in various fields of law, particularly those concerned with the rights of merchants, have long demonstrated a tendency to create legal rules that extend beyond the legislative authority of national legislators. This phenomenon arises from the inherent power of international markets, which, in practice, have proven ability of generating legal norms without state legislature's intervention. In this context, "Lex Mercatoria"—as a transgovernmental legal system—has emerged and evolved under the influence of international markets. As such, Lex Mercatoria can be characterized as a "market-oriented" legal system. At the same time, it has the required practical ability for adapt to the fluid and evolving conditions of international markets. Addressing the central research question of how international markets and Lex Mercatoria have mutually influenced each other—both in the creation and evolution of Lex Mercatoria and in meeting the demands of international markets—this study employs a library-based research methodology supplemented by note-taking in research. By examining the historical development of Lex Mercatoria and analyzing the pivotal role of international markets in creating the economic conditions necessary for its growth, the authors assess the suitability of Lex Mercatoria for the transnational nature of international markets. The findings indicate that Lex Mercatoria, as an example of soft law, has successfully developed and adapted to the unique conditions of international markets. Lex Mercatoria, as one of the examples of soft law, has grown and evolved based on the special conditions of international markets, developing in specialized branches—normally around a particular industry—and, in turn, has to respond to the distinctive conditions of international markets.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lex Mercatoria
  • Merchants
  • National Legal Systems
  • International Markets
  • International Trade Law
  1. کتاب

    1. شیروی، عبدالحسین، داوری تجاری بین‌المللی، چ. 6، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت)، 1395.

    مقاله

    1. جنیدی، لعیا، «نظریه حقوق فراملی بازرگانی»، فصلنامه حقوق: مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، ش. 1، 1390، صص. 148-127.

    https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25885618.1390.41.1.8.6

    1. ساردوئی نسب، محمد و عمران عبدی، «لکس پترولیا؛ نظام حقوقی مستقل و فراملی یا منبع فرعی و تکمیلی در صنعت نفت و گاز»، مطالعات حقوق انرژی، د. 8، ش. 2، 1401، صص. 353-333.

    https://doi.org/10.22059/jrels.2023.358648.529

    1. عرب احمدی، مجیدرضا و محمد کریمی، «تحلیلی بر نظریه استقلال در داوری تجاریِ بین‌المللی»، مجله حقوق خصوصی، ش.44، 1402، صص. 219-187.

    https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2023.73545.2742

    1. کریمی، محمد و مجیدرضا عرب احمدی، «بررسی چگونگی رفع مشکلات مربوط به اعمال تعارض قوانین در تجارت خارجی از طریق اعمال لکس مرکاتوریا»، دانش حقوق مدنی، د.11، 1401، صص. 40-25.

    https://doi.org/10.30473/clk.2022.65192.3107

    1. کریمی، محمد، جواد کاشانی، محسن محبی و داوود نصیران نجف‌آبادی، «داوری تجاری بین‌المللی بر مبنای انصاف، میانجیگری دوستانه و حقوق بازرگانی فراملی»، پژوهشهای روابط بینالملل، ش.2، 1398، صص. 238-215.

    https://doi.org/10.22034/irr.2019.103895

    1. کریمی، محمد، جواد کاشانی، محسن محبی و داوود نصیران نجف‌آبادی، «لکس مرکاتوریا قانونی کارآمد برای بازرگانان»، پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، ش. 103، 1401، صص. 263-233.

    https://doi.org/10.22034/ijts.2021.246915

    1. محمودی کردی، زهرا، مهدی زاهدی و عاطفه قدیری‌نژاد، «از لکس مرکاتوریا تا حقوق تجارت فراملی در معنای مقتضی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، د. 8، ش.13، 1399، صص. 85-65.

    https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2019.36593.2024

     

     

    References

    Books

    1. Nafziger, James, Gauthier, Ryan, Handbook on International Sports Law, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar, 2022.
    1. Berger, Klaus Peter, Transnational Commercial Law in the Age of Globalization, Rome, Centro di studi e ricerche di diritto comparato e straniero, 2001.
    2. Brousseau, Eric, Glachant, Jean-Michel, Sgard, Jérôme, The Oxford Handbook of Institutions of International Economic Governance and Market Regulation, New York: Oxford University Press, 2025.
    3. Buitendag, Nicolaas, States of Exclusion A Critical Systems Theory Reading of International Law, South Africa, AOSIS, 2022.
    4. Cheng, Chia-Jui, Clive M. Schmitthoff's Select Essays on International Trade Law, Netherlands, Brill, 2024.
    5. Cutler, A. Claire Cutler, Private Power and Global Authority Transnational Merchant Law in the Global Political Economy, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2023.
    6. Damjanovic, Ivana, The European Union and International Investment Law Reform Between Aspirations and Reality, USA, Cambridge University Press, 2023.
    7. Dell'Erba, Marco, Technology in Financial Markets Complex Change and Disruption, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2024.
    8. Febbrajo, Alberto, Corsi, Giancarlo, Sociology of Constitutions A Paradoxical Perspective, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2016.
    9. Gary, Kio. Osuji, Onyeka, Ngwu, Franklin, Corporate social responsibility across the globe: Innovative resolution of regulatory and governance challenges, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2023.
    10. Heidemann, Maren, Methodology of Uniform Contract Law: The UNIDROIT Principles in International Legal Doctrine and Practice, United Kingdom, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
    11. Hondius, Elo, Towards a European Civil Code, USA, Kluwer Law International, 2004.
    12. Kadner Graziano, Thomas, Comparative Contract Law, Fourth Edition Exercises in Comparative Methodology, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025.
    13. Klabbers, Jan, Piiparinen, Touko, Normative Pluralism And International Law: Exploring Global Governance, USA, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
    14. Lew, Julian D.M., Mistelis, Loukas A., Kröll, Stefan, Comparative International Commercial Arbitration, Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2003.
    15. Lim, Chin L, The Cambridge Companion to International Arbitration, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
    16. Lynch-Wood, Gary, K. Osuji, Onyeka, N. Ngwu, Franklin, corporate social responsibility across the globe: Innovative resolution of regulatory and governance challenges, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
    17. Martsekis, Georgios, Good Faith in International Commercial Arbitration, New York: Taylor & Francis, 2025.
    18. Meessen, Karl M, Bungenberg, Marc, Puttler, Adelheid, Economic Law as an Economic Good: Its Rule Function and its Tool Function in the Competition of Systems, Munich, Walter de Gruyter, 2009.
    19. Niehaus, Manuela, Global Climate Constitutionalism “from Below” The Role of Climate Change Litigation for International Climate Lawmaking, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023.
    20. Noussia, Kyriaki, Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration. A Comparative Analysis of the Position under English, US, German and French Law, Germany, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
    21. Pulkowski, Dirk, The Law and Politics of International Regime Conflict, United Kingdom: OUP Oxford, 2014.
    22. Ramos Muñoz, David, Lamandini, Marco, Effective Judicial Protection and Cross-Border Financial Disputes in Europe A Complex Status Quo, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2025.
    23. Riles, Annelise, Collateral Knowledge Legal Reasoning in the Global Financial Markets, United States: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
    24. Sassen, Saskia, Territory, Authority, Rights From Medieval to Global Assemblages, USA, Princeton University Press, 2008.
    25. Schaffer, Richard, Earle, Beverley, Agusti, Filiberto, International Business Law and Its Environment, USA: West Educational Publishing Company, 1999.
    26. Shapira, Amos, Tabory, Mala, New Political Entities in Public and Private International Law with Special Reference to the Palestinian Entity, Boston, Brill, 2024.
    27. Shiravi, Abdolhossein, International Commercial Arbitration, Vol. 6, Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (SAMT), 2016. (In Persian)
    28. Von Daniels, Detlef, The Concept of Law from a Transnational Perspective, New York: Taylor & Francis, 2016.
    29. Yueh, Linda, The Law and Economics of Globalisation: New Challenges for a World in Flux, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
    30. Zamboni, Mauro, Law and Politics: A Dilemma for Contemporary Legal Theory, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
    31. Zenedin Glitz, Frederico Eduardo, Globalization of Contract Law: A Brazilian Perspective, CURITIBA EDIÇÃO DO AUTOR, Curitiba, 2014.

    Articles

    1. Arab Ahmadi, Majidreza & Mohammad Karimi, “An Analysis of the Autonomous Theory in International Commercial Arbitration”, Private Law Research, Vol 12, No. 44, 2023, pp. 187-219. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2023.73545.2742.
    2. Bello, Temitayo, Entertainment Industry Disputes; Arbitration As a Catalyst to Perennial Malady, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3055732, 2017, 1-27. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3055732 [https://perma.cc/EBD9-QK7B].
    3. Benson, Bruce L. “The Spontaneous Evolution of Commercial Law”. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 55, 1989, pp. 644 https://doi.org/10.2307/1059579.
    4. Cemil YILDIRIM, Ahmet, “Solid, Liquid and Gas Forms of the New Lex Mercatoria: How Do They Operate in Practice?” AC YILDIRIM available at< cisgw3. law. pace. edu/cisg/biblio/Yildirim. pdf, 2014, PP. 5-26. https://www.trans-lex.org/bibliopdfs/cemil_yildirim.
    5. Cooter, Robert D. “Decentralized Law for A Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant”, Formerly American Law Register, Vol 144, 1996, pp. 1643-1696. https://doi.org/doi 10.2307/3312636
    6. Druzin, Bryan H. “Anarchy, Order, and Trade: A Structuralist Account of Why a Global Commercial Legal Order is Emerging”, Vanderbilt Journal Of Transnational Law, Vol. 47, 2014, pp. 1049-1090.

    https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vjtl/vol47/iss4/4/

    1. Horn, Norbert. “Uniformity and Diversity in the Law of International Commercial Contracts: Studies i Transnational Economic Law”, Stupra Note, Vol. 11, 1982, PP. 55-89.
    2. Joneydi, Laya, “Theory of Lex Mercatoria”, Private Law Studies Quarterly, Volume 41, Issue 1, April 2012, pp. 127-148. (in Persian). https://doi.org/1001.1.25885618.1390.41.1.8.6.
    3. Karimi, Mohamma, Kashani, Javad, Mohebi, Mohsen, Nasiran, Dawood, “Arbitration on the basis of “Equity”, “Amiable Composition”, and “Lex Mercatoria”, International Relations Researches, Vol.9, No.2, 2019, pp. 215-238 (in persian). https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_103895.html
    4. Karimi, Mohammad & Majidreza Arabahmadi, "Examining How to Solve the Problems Related to the Application of Conflicting Laws in Foreign Trade Through the Application of Lex Mercatoria", Civil Law Knowledge, Vol. 11, Issue 2, Serial Number 22, June 2023, PP. 25-40. (in Persian). https://doi.org/30473/clk.2022.65192.3107.
    5. Karimi, Mohammad, Kashani, Javad, Mohebi, Mohsen, Nasiran, Dawood, “Lex Mercatoria An Efficient Law for Businessmen”, IRANIAN JOURNAL OF TRADE STUDIES (IJTS), Vol.26, No.103, pp. 233-263 (in persian). https://doi.org/22034/ijts.2021.246915.
    6. Mahmoodi Kordi, Zahra, Zahedi, Mehdi, Ghadirinezhad, Seyyedeh Atefeh, Seyyedeh Atefeh, “From Lex Mercatoria to Transnational Commercial Law in Proper Sens”, Vol 8, Issue 31, 2020, pp. 65-85. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22054/jplr.2019.36593.2024.
    7. Markell, Bruce. “A View from the Field: Some Observations on the Effect of International Commercial Law Reform Efforts on the Rule of Law”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 6, 1999, pp. 497-510. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol6/iss2/5/.
    8. Sardoueinasab, Mohammad & Emran Abdi, “Lex Petrolia; An independent and Transnational legal System or a Secondary and Complementary Source in the Oil and Gas Industry”, Journal of Researches Energy Law Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2023, pp. 333-353. (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jrels.2023.358648.529.
    9. Schammo, Pierre, Of Standards and Technology: ISDA and Technological Change in the OTC Derivatives Market, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4059245or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4059245, 2022, PP. 1-37. https://doi.org/1080/17521440.2022.2063030
    10. Snyder, Francis. Snyder Globalisation and the Law in the 21st Century, Blackwell Publishing, 2024. https://www.researchgate.net, pp. 1- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30527915_Globalisation_and_the_Law_in_the_21st_Century.
    11. SZWAJCZAK, Natalia, Effectiveness of Indication of Lex Mercatoria in a Choice-Of-Law Clause in International Commercial Contracts, MMR, vol. XXIII, 25 (4/2018), 2018, pp. 221-234. https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2018.mmr.56
    12. Teubner, Gunther. “Breaking Frames: Economic Globalisation and the Emergence of Lex Mercatoria”, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 5, 2022, pp. 199-217.

    https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225414.

    1. Wasserstein-Fassberg, Celia. “Lex Mercatoria — Hoist with Its Own Petard? ”, Chicago journal of International Law, Vol 5, 2004, pp. 67-82. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol5/iss1/7/

    Thesis

    1. Baddack, Frank. Lex Mercatoria: Scope and Application of the Law Merchant in Arbitration, LL.M. (International Trade Law), Thesis, Faculty of Law, University of the WesternCape, Supervisor: Adv. M S Wandrag (University of the Western Cape), 2005.
    2. Elcin, Mert. Lex Mercatoria in International Arbitration Theory and Practice, Vol 1, Thesis Submitted for Assessment with a View to Obtaining the Degree of Doctor of Laws of the European University Institute, Florence, Prof. Fabrizio Cafaggi (EUI Supervisor), 2012.

    Cases

    1. International Business Mach. Corp. v. Fujitsu Ltd., No. 13T-117-0636-85 American Arbitration Ass'n Commercial Arbitration Tribunal 4,1987