Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of public and international law, faculty of law and political science, university of Mazandaran,, babolsar, Iran
Abstract
The current legal structure of economic property rights suffers from significant shortcomings in terms of distributive fairness. In many legal systems, private ownership of natural resources and public assets has often been founded on historical appropriations made without regard for the equal rights of all individuals to those resources. Hillel Steiner’s rights-based theory of justice emphasizing negative liberty and the need for historical restitution in the initial distribution of natural resources fundamentally challenges these conventional foundations of private property. Using a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, this study revisits the legal structure of economic property rights from Steiner’s perspective. It aims to identify injustices in the existing system and to propose a novel legal framework grounded in individuals’ equal rights to natural resources. First, Steiner’s key theoretical components including the primacy of negative liberty (freedom from interference), the principle of self-ownership, and the notion of common ownership of natural resources are explained and then compared with those of the existing property law regime. The findings indicate that the existing property law regime, if it ignores individuals’ equal shares of original resources and lacks mechanisms of compensation for past appropriations, remains unstable from a distributive justice standpoint. In conclusion, applying Steiner’s rights-based principles in legal policymaking can safeguard negative liberty and legitimate property rights while institutionalizing tools for historical restitution and the fair distribution of original resources. Thus, Steiner’s framework can serve as a foundation for reforming property law and achieving a more sustainable order grounded in distributive fairness.
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